精“英”克糖|间歇性禁食对2型糖尿病患者的影响(上)

There are variety of definitions, and depending on how you want to define it. The finding intermittent, actually, a most religious fasting could fall into that, but usually when intermittent fasting is used as a term, it relates to engaging in intermittent energy restriction for health purposes. And there are a variety of popular ways of doing that, different regiments where people will cease their caloric intake for a period of about 1 day, twice per week, or even every other day, which they call alternate day fasting. And then there's another version, another regiment, which is time restricted feeding, where every day people will not eat for a period of about 16 hours and then only eats whatever calories they do consume during an eight-hour period. There are variety of others we actually are looking at a regimen. And some of our trials, where we're asking people to fast for just 1 day per week, so a-24-hour period just once per week. There are variety of others, some of them include a small caloric intake, a small meal about half way through the fasting day, and others are not. We have been studying water, only fasting, so no caloric intake during a-24-hour period. 

That's a good question. There are a variety of studies, primarily in animals that have attempted to address that the two primary mechanisms that are commonly referred to, include ketoses. Where the body, due to the nutritional stress of fasting, the body switches from utilizing glucose as its primary source of energy to using ketones and fatty acids for fuel. And what that does is it pulls those fatty acids out of, presumably, storage areas, fat cells. And over repeated episodes of fasting will cause the insulin resistance to go down. Another is autophagy, where the body also, due to that, nutritional stress engages in some cellular cleanup, disassembles unnecessary or dysfunctional organelles or molecules, and that might include a variety of things. One that's showing a lot of promise. In researches that less than optimally functional mitochondria are degraded, and it might induce mitochondrial genesis. So that new mitochondria are created inside ourselves and a variety of other mechanisms, one that we've published on a year ago link to the microbiome, where we showed that trimethylamine-N-oxide was reduced by intermittent fasting, of TMAO, which is linked to cardiac risk. And they're variety of other pathways that are being examined that may have an effect on cardiac risk, on metabolic risk and on our cognitive function.